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ReferencesFormation of Lakes and Lakes of ChinaBy Rohita Kandula & Helen Sullivan
Experimental Lakes AreaUniversity of Manitoba's
Effects of dominant species on vegetation change in Carolina bay wetlands following a multi-year droughtMulhouse, J. M., D. De Steven, R. F. Lide and R. R. Sharitz. 2005. Effects of dominant species on vegetation change in Carolina bay wetlands following a multi-year drought. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132(3):411-420.
Hydrology and Fauna of Kettle Ponds and Vernal Pools at Harvard Forest
Comprehensive Report Association - Quercus phellos / Carex striata var. brevis Forest
Walden: The Ponds - by Henry David Thoreau
Welcome to the Ontario Vernal Pool Association
NJDEP Division of Fish & Wildlife - New Jersey's Vernal Pools
Vernal PoolsVernal Pools in Washington
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Carolina Geological Society Downloadable Guidebooks
Additional Sources of InformationUSGS North Carolina Water Science Center
California's Natural Resources: A Brief History of the Gold Rush
The Gold Rush: Links to Related Sites
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-410
>OLIVINE (Magnesium Iron Silicate)
Department of Soil Science at NC State University, History
Who Owns The West? Mining Claims in America's West
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enstatite: Definition and Much More From Answers.com
ENSTATITE - Online Information article about ENSTATITE
Amethyst Galleries - CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
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Stanford Stress & Crustal Mechanics Group
Tri-State Field Conference 1980: Geology of eastern and northeastern Wisconsin
Mineral Point WisconsonCarolina Bay Menu
Wonderful source of Information. Bob Kobres indept information on the Bays
Clays this is also from Bob Kobres site
George Howard Carolina Bays
AiralPhoto's of Carolina Bays
Carolina bay wetlands
Mulhouse, J. M., D. De Steven,R. F. Lide and R. R. Sharitz. 2005. Effects of dominant species onvegetation change in Carolina bay wetlands following a multi-yeardrought. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132(3):411-420.
The Carolina bays are oval-shaped depressions found in coastal Delaware,Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and northeastern Georgia.Their size varies from one to several thousand acres. About ten to
twenty thousand of them are present, often in groups which vary inalignment a few degrees off a northeast-southeast trend.
wikipedia Carolina Bays
EPA
[PDF] Carolina Bays: A Natural Wastewater Treatment Program File Format:PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML Find out about these mysterious landfeatures often filled with bay trees and other wetland vegetation;includes project description, data obtained, ...www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/pdf/CarolinaBays.pdf -
U.S. F1sh and Wildlife ServiceSharitz, R.R., and J.W.'Gibbons. 1982. The ecology of southeastern shrub bogs (poco- sins) and Carolina bays: a community profile. U.S. F1sh and Wildlife Service, Division of Biological Services, Washington, D.C. FWS/OBS-82/04. 93 pp.
Carolina Bay Geoarchaeologyand Holocene Landscape Evolution on the Upper Coastal Plain of South CarolinaMark J. BrooksSavannah River Archaeological Research Program, South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, P.O. Drawer 600, New Ellenton, South Carolina 29809Barbara E. TaylorSavannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29802John A. GrantEarth Science and Science Education, State University of New York, College at Buffalo, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, New York 14222Carolina Now
Carolina Bays that are now protected (most have been drained and filledto accommodate our growing population) can be found in some of ourCarolina State Parks.
Woods Bay
Woods Bay State Natural Area offers a close-up look at the uniquegeology of the Carolina bays of the Atlantic coastal plain, SignificantNatural Features: Located throughout the Atlantic coastal plain, mostCarolina Bays are found in South Carolina, North Carolina aand Georgia.The bays themselves are elliptical depressions of unknown origin.Oriented in a northwest-southeast direction, Carolina Bays range in sizefrom less than an acre to several thousand acres or more.A sand rim is characteristically associated with these features and ismost visible along the southeastern edge. Several theories exist abouttheir formation.The most popular include sea or underground springs, meteorites or tidaleddies.
William F. Prouty's
William F. Prouty's (a former head of the University of North Carolinageology department) contention (1952) that the Carolina Bays wereformed by an impact event has not been refuted by direct evidence norhas it been tested by more modern methods.
Origin for Carolina Bays
[PDF] Site 8 Carolina BaysFile Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTMLHere are some of the many theories of origin for Carolina Bays: ... 1952, Proutycarried out magnetometer surveys in an attempt to locate magnetic ...www.ces.clemson.edu/scmaps/manual/pdfmanual/chap8.pdf
The Age and Tropic History of Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina
DID A HALF MILLION METEORS FALL ON THE CAROLINASOnline Article
Blavatsky Net Foundation
Those Carolina Bays
referenced above are interesting. To start with these are not bays andthey are not only in the Carolinas. There are some 500,000 of them onthe Atlantic seaboard of the US centered in South Carolina but extendingfrom New Jersey to Florida.
Study
Three stops will be made to examine the upland gravels and theirstratigraphic relationship with the underlying rocks. a final stop willprovide a detailed look at a section through a portion of a CarolinaBay.PART IIGuidebook To TheGEOLOGY OF THE UPLAND GRAVELSNEARMIDLOTHIAN, VIRGINIAByBruce K. GoodwinandGerald H. JohnsonDepartment of GeologyThe College of William and MaryWilliamsburg, Virginia
Bennett's Bay
Bennett's Bay is in Clarendon County South Carolina. There are hundreds ofshallow, elliptical depressions known as bays in the state'scoastal plains. The bays always are egg-shaped, aligned fromnorthwest to southeast and have a sand ridge that's usually visibleon the southeast side. Some of the depressions are dry; others areswamp, and a few others are beautiful lakes. They range in diameterfrom a few hundred feet to five miles. These things are priceless.They hold moisture in times of drought and slowly release it to thesurrounding area. They are an oasis for wildlife. Attempts toexplain this natural phenomenon - unique to the Carolinas - includethe meteorite theory (the most accepted theory and the ancientocean lagoons theory.
A COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE CAROLINA BAYS LITERATURE
THOMAS E. ROSS Department of Geology and Geography, Pembroke StateUniversity, Pembroke, NC 28372
THE GOLDSBORO RIDGE, AN ENIGMA
"The Goldsboro sand is present in the Goldsboro ridge and in a lowsubcircular knoll about 2 1/2 miles in diameter lying about 4 milesnortheast ... The Goldsboro sand overlies the Sunderland Formationconformably. The contact is always abrupt but there is no evidenceof deep channeling, basal coarse material, and evidence ofweathering at the contact. Even the Carolina Bays do not disturbthe underlying Sunderland materials (Figure 3). The sand in the bayrim is not different from the Goldsboro sand. Therefore, theseCarolina Bays are merely surface features associated with theformation of the ridge."
1 By R. B. Daniels E. E. Gamble Soil
Science Department North Carolina State University Raleigh, NorthCarolina and W. H. Wheeler Department of Geology University ofNorth Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Establishment of wetlands on the southeastern Atlantic Coastal PlainJournal of Paleolimnology 26: 373 391, 2001.2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
Carolina Bays, Mima Mounds, Submarine Canyons andOther Topographical Phenomena
Carolina bay ecosystems are formed in elliptical depressions which occur abundantly across the surface of the earth.
USA showered by a watery comet ~11,000 years ago,ending the GoldenAge of man in America.Carolina Baysfrom the Polynesian Pathways By Peter Marsh
From Andrew Collins book; "Gateway to Atlantis" we get the following interesting information.Many native American traditions tell of a moon fell out of the sky, onto the earth. During it's passage through the sky it looked like a feiry snake, there were terrible earth quakes and the day turned into night, there was a gigantic flood and a formidable rain that lasted many days, many people died.This most likely describes the impact of the comet that created the Carolina Bays.
"The water having poured over the land (2km thick ice sheet collapses into the sea),human dwellings disappeared. The wind carried them away.They fastened several boats to one another.The waves traversed the Rocky Mountains.A great wind drove them.Presently the moon and the sun disappeared (atmospheric dust, post impact).Men died of a terrible heat (firestorms post impact).They also perished in the waves.Men bewailed what happened.Uprooted trees floated about in the waves.Men having fastened boats together trembled with cold.
The above translation is attributed to the native tribe called the Esquimaux of Canada. Just one of hundreds of flood traditions that many scholars have collected.
Also from further south in the Carolinas we have the following veryinteresting tradition:"a star fell to the earth, and rain soonfollowed (oceanic impact, causing vast amounts of water toevaporate).Days and days of rain quenched the fire.Great holesburned in the earth by the fire were filled,forming a great inlandsea.